|
Description:
Lutjanus griseus is an oblong, moderately compressed snapper that grows to a maximum
size of approximately 90 cm (35.4 inches), though most do not reach this
size. Somewhat slender, the gray snapper has a continuous dorsal fin
with 10 spines, the fourth of which is the longest. The soft dorsal fin
is rounded and has 13-14 rays, with rays 9 and 10 being the longest. The
anal fin has 3 spines and 7-8 soft rays, with the second anal spine longer
than the third. The pectoral fins are short, not reaching to the anus.
The caudal fin is marginate. Scales are small and ctenoid, with 43-47
lateral line scales. There are 21-22 gill rakers on lower limb of the
gill arch. The head profile is nearly straight or slightly convex from
the nape to the snout. The mouth is large and terminal. Both jaws and
the vomer have a narrow band of villiform teeth, with the upper jaw also
having 4 canine teeth set in the front. The preopercule is finely serrate
superiorly, with coarse spines at the angle. Body color is variable, but
typically a gray to green-brown tinged with red, gray or yellow. Fins are
generally darker than the ground color of the body and are edged in white
or yellow except for the pectoral fins, which are generally colorless.
Young gray snapper have a black bar that runs from the tip of the snout
through the eye to the upper portion of the opercule, often with a blue streak on the
cheek beneath. Both juveniles and adults have orange or brownish spots on
the centers of the lateral scales, which form rows of spots along the body (Bortone
and Williams 1986).
II. HABITAT AND
DISTRIBUTION
Regional Occurrence:
In the Western Atlantic, ranges from approximately Massachusetts south to
Brazil including
Bermuda, the Gulf of Mexico, West
Indies, and the Caribbean.
IRL Distribution:
Occurs throughout the IRL, especially in the vicinity of inlets.
Juveniles are common in mangroves, tidal creeks, and seagrasses, while
adults generally are located nearshore or offshore in hard-bottom
habitats.
III. LIFE HISTORY AND POPULATION BIOLOGY
Age, Size, Lifespan:
Lutjanus griseus reaches a maximum length of 89.0 cm (35 inches) total length (TL) (Allen 1985).
They are common in Florida to approximately 4.5 kg
(10 pounds), but may weigh as much as 20.0 kg (44 pounds). The life span can
reach 24 years (Burton 2001).
Starck (1971) reported growth rates for gray snapper as 1.6 – 7.4 mm/month
(0.06 – 0.29 inches/month), likely influenced strongly by habitat and
environmental conditions. Somewhat slower growth rates are derived when
back-calculating length at mean annulus formation in otoliths, with Croker
(1962) and Claro-Madruga and Bustamente Pola (1977) reporting rates of 3.7
– 4.5 mm/month (0.14 – 0.18 inches/month).
Reproduction:
As with most snappers, Lutjanus griseus spawns offshore in groups (Wicklund
1969; Thompson and Munro 1974). It matures at a size of 18 -
33 cm (7 - 13 inches) (allen 1985). Spawning is protracted, taking place
from June through August in Florida (Erdman 1976), possibly associated
with the lunar cycle (Starck 1971). Gray snapper are likely to spawn
repeatedly during the season (Starck 1971; Bashirullah 1975).
Starck reported sex ratios as equal off Florida. However, Guerra-Campos
and Bashirullah (1975) reported that off Cuba, a sex ratio of 2:1 female
to male.
Fecundity estimates vary widely among snappers and is related to size of
the fish. Starck (1971) reported fecundity for a 315 SL female as 590,000
eggs. Guerra-Campos and Bashirullah (1975) sampled females between 488 –
660 mm TL and reported fecundity in their sample group as 1.1 – 5.9
million eggs per female.
Embryology:
Gray snapper eggs are small and non-adhesive, measuring between 0.4 – 0.6
mm in diameter with a single oil globule (Starck 1971, Guerra-Campos and
Bashirullah 1975). Eggs are pelagic and hatch after approximately 20
hours at 27ºC (Allen 1985). Larvae grow to approximately 15 mm in 36
days (Allen 1985). At lengths less than 10 mm, postlarvae are planktonic and
are transported on favorable currents to nursery habitats in estuaries
(Burton 2001). Upon reaching 10 mm TL they enter nursery habitats of
seagrass beds and other vegetated areas (Allen 1985). Transformation to
the juvenile stage occurs at a size of 6.3 – 9.6 mm SL (Richards and
Saksena 1980).
Laboratory-reared gray snapper larvae were described by Richards and
Saksena (1980), who found them similar in appearance to many other
lutjanids, with pigmentation sparse, generally occurring along the midline
of the tail, gut, pelvic area, brain, and the base of the dorsal fin.
IV. PHYSICAL TOLERANCES
Temperature:
Rivas (1970) reported that gray snappers occur in waters where temperatures
range from 18.3 – 27.2 ºC, with a mean of 21.7ºC. However gray snappers have
been collected in waters where temperatures ranged from 13.4 – 32.5ºC (Springer
and Woodburn 1960). Starck (1970) reported the lower lethal limit for gray
snapper as 11-14ºC.
Salinity:
Juveniles utilize estuaries where salinity fluctuates with the tidal cycle.
Gray snapper are known to enter freshwater areas in south Florida (Gunter and
Hall 1963), and have been collected in waters ranging from 1.0 – 35 ppt. Adults
generally utilize nearshore and offshore waters where salinity is 35 ppt.
V. COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
Trophic Mode:
Most snappers are classified as euryphagic carnivores (Bortone and Williams
1986). Gray snappers typically feed on smaller fishes, shrimps, crabs,
gastropods, cephalopods. In the Dry Tortugas, Longley et al. (1925) analyzed
stomach contents of gray snapper and reported that Lutjanus griseus fed
on portunid crabs (34.8% frequency of occurrence), spider crabs (3.9%), and
other crustacea. Croker (1962) analyzed gut contents of gray snapper in south
Florida, finding that crustaceans including grapsid crabs and penaeid shrimp
constituted the primary prey (79% by volume). Fishes, mostly anchovies,
accounted for 34% by volume of gut contents. Starck (1971) found juveniles ate
crustaceans, primarily amphipods and shrimp (93%) as well as fishes (5%), while
adults tended to eat more fishes and fewer crustaceans than did juveniles.
Predators:
Primary predators of snappers are sharks and other large predatory fishes
including other snappers (Bortone and Williams 1986).
Habitats:
Lutjanus griseus is typically found at depths of 30 – 180 m (98 – 590 feet) where they
often form large schools (Rivas 1970; Fischer 1978).
Juvenile gray snapper are associated with Thalassia beds, mangrove
roots, docks, pilings and jetties (Starck 1971; Thompson and Munro
1974). Small adults move to nearshore and offshore waters at
approximately Age 3 - 4 (Burton 2001). Smaller adults may remain in
estuaries or move to nearshore habitats, but tend to remain in shallower
water than more mature adults (Starck 1971). Mature gray snapper occupy a
variety of habitats in both coastal and offshore waters and remain fairly
site-specific once they become established in an area (Bortone and
Williams 1986). Typical adult habitats include natural and artificial
hard-bottom substrata (Bortone and Williams 1986) such as rock
outcroppings, ledges, wrecks, and coral reefs. Adults are sometimes found
in the lower reaches of rivers (Smith 1997) in south Florida.
Activity Time:
Juveniles feed diurnally in seagrass beds and other vegetated areas. Adults are
primarily nocturnal predators (Starck and Davis 1966) that tend to forage in
areas removed from their home reefs. Starck (1971) noted unconfirmed reports
that spawning may occur at dusk as part of a daily cycle of activity.
VI. SPECIAL STATUS
Special Status:
None.
Fisheries
Importance:
COMMERCIAL FISHERY:
The commercial fishery for gray snapper is not of particularly high value
in east central Florida. In 2003, for example, the commercial
fishery accounted for only 14% of the annual statewide catch, with the
bulk of the harvest (86%) being taken by recreational anglers. The
statewide commercial catch of
gray snapper, Lutjanus griseus, between the years 1987 - 2001 was
7.4 million pounds, with a dollar value of over $11.9 million.
Within this time period, 668,737 pounds of gray snapper was harvested
commercially in the 5 county area encompassing the IRL (Volusia, Brevard,
Indian River, St. Lucie and Martin Counties), with a dollar value of over
1.1 million reported. This ranks the gray snapper thirty-fifth in
commercial value within the IRL, and forty-second in pounds harvested.
Figure 1 below shows the dollar value of the commercial
gray snapper
fishery to IRL counties by year. As shown, commercial catch ranged from a low of $49,536 in
2001 to a high of over $97,338 in 1994. Volusia County annually accounts
for the largest percentage of the gray snapper catch with 45.5% in total (Figure 2),
followed distantly by St. Lucie County, which accounts for 19.8% of the total.
Brevard, Indian River, and Martin Counties accounted for 19.1%, 9.2% and 6.4% of
the total respectively.
Figure 1. Annual dollar value of the
commercial catch of gray snapper to the 5-county
area of the Indian River
Lagoon.
Figure 2. Total gray
snapper
dollar value and percentage by county for the years 1987 -
2001.
|
|
VOLUSIA |
BREVARD |
INDIAN |
ST. |
MARTIN |
TOTAL |
|
RIVER |
LUCIE |
| |
Value |
Value |
Value |
Value |
Value |
Value |
|
YEAR |
($) |
($) |
($) |
($) |
($) |
to IRL |
|
1987 |
$31,201 |
$4,566 |
$5,881 |
$30,046 |
$10,073 |
$81,767 |
|
1988 |
$40,029 |
$9,386 |
$5,477 |
$26,185 |
$5,576 |
$86,653 |
|
1989 |
$28,711 |
$7,405 |
$7,069 |
$35,756 |
$2,739 |
$81,680 |
|
1990 |
$37,699 |
$10,250 |
$3,051 |
$20,708 |
$5,611 |
$77,319 |
|
1991 |
$36,364 |
$9,155 |
$2,846 |
$16,197 |
$4,312 |
$68,874 |
|
1992 |
$38,019 |
$14,577 |
$6,634 |
$21,595 |
$5,692 |
$86,517 |
|
1993 |
$37,426 |
$18,466 |
$3,762 |
$21,965 |
$5,573 |
$87,192 |
|
1994 |
$44,951 |
$21,095 |
$8,988 |
$17,116 |
$5,188 |
$97,338 |
|
1995 |
$48,215 |
$17,830 |
$9,797 |
$8,045 |
$2,514 |
$86,401 |
|
1996 |
$23,315 |
$13,812 |
$9,198 |
$3,422 |
$4,712 |
$54,459 |
|
1997 |
$31,923 |
$28,141 |
$11,890 |
$5,410 |
$4,883 |
$82,247 |
|
1998 |
$38,069 |
$24,067 |
$12,663 |
$5,356 |
$4,005 |
$84,160 |
|
1999 |
$19,599 |
$20,772 |
$8,833 |
$3,842 |
$4,583 |
$57,629 |
|
2000 |
$28,335 |
$11,474 |
$6,953 |
$5,055 |
$3,581 |
$55,398 |
|
2001 |
$33,095 |
$6,315 |
$2,024 |
$4,089 |
$4,013 |
$49,536 |
|
Cumulative Totals: |
$516,951 |
$217,311 |
$105,066 |
$224,787 |
$73,055 |
$1,137,170 |
Table 1. Total dollar value of IRL gray
snapper, Lutjanus griseus, between
1987 - 2001.
|
|
VOLUSIA |
BREVARD |
INDIAN |
ST. |
MARTIN |
|
RIVER |
LUCIE |
| |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
|
YEAR |
Total |
Total |
Total |
Total |
Total |
|
1987 |
38.16% |
5.58% |
7.19% |
36.75% |
12.32% |
|
1988 |
46.19% |
10.83% |
6.32% |
30.22% |
6.43% |
|
1989 |
35.15% |
9.07% |
8.65% |
43.78% |
3.35% |
|
1990 |
48.76% |
13.26% |
3.95% |
26.78% |
7.26% |
|
1991 |
52.80% |
13.29% |
4.13% |
23.52% |
6.26% |
|
1992 |
43.94% |
16.85% |
7.67% |
24.96% |
6.58% |
|
1993 |
42.92% |
21.18% |
4.31% |
25.19% |
6.39% |
|
1994 |
46.18% |
21.67% |
9.23% |
17.58% |
5.33% |
|
1995 |
55.80% |
20.64% |
11.34% |
9.31% |
2.91% |
|
1996 |
42.81% |
25.36% |
16.89% |
6.28% |
8.65% |
|
1997 |
38.81% |
34.22% |
14.46% |
6.58% |
5.94% |
|
1998 |
45.23% |
28.60% |
15.05% |
6.36% |
4.76% |
|
1999 |
34.01% |
36.04% |
15.33% |
6.67% |
7.95% |
|
2000 |
51.15% |
20.71% |
12.55% |
9.12% |
6.46% |
|
2001 |
66.81% |
12.75% |
4.09% |
8.25% |
8.10% |
Table 2.
By-county annual and cumulative percentages of the gray snapper harvest for the
years 1987-2001.
|
|
Volusia |
Brevard |
Indian River |
St. Lucie |
Martin |
|
Dollars |
$516,951 |
$217,311 |
$105,066 |
$224,787 |
$73,055 |
|
% |
45.5% |
19.1% |
9.2% |
19.8% |
6.4% |
Table 3. By-county cumulative dollar value and percentage of total for the
gray
snapper
harvest from 1987 - 2001.
RECREATIONAL FISHERY:
The recreational fishery for gray snapper in Florida far exceeds the commercial
fishery in terms of catch. In 2003, for example, recreational anglers
harvested 86% of the total gray snapper catch. Recreational anglers landed
gray snapper in all coastal areas in Florida, however, landings tend to be
greater in south Florida and on the Gulf coast of Florida, which is estimated to
account for 69% of the catch. Data from Florida Fish and Wildlife Research
Institute (FWRI) show that landings of gray snapper on the Atlantic coast of
Florida have been relatively stable since 1982, increasing somewhat since 1998.
On the Gulf coast, landings have increased slightly since 1998. In 2003,
FWRI reported that gray snapper landings were 35% higher statewide than in the
previous 5 years.
The information below reflects angler survey
information taken from the 5-county area that encompasses the Indian River
Lagoon. Approximately 2.5 million gray snapper were harvested in east
central Florida from 1997 - 2001. The bulk of the recreational harvest (36.0%),
was taken
in inland waters other than the Indian River Lagoon. The IRL accounts for
24% of the harvest, while nearshore waters to 3 miles, and waters 3 - 200 miles
offshore account for 24.3% and 15.7% of the catch respectively.
Figure 3. Survey data for the
gray snapper
recreational fishery showing the number of
fishes
harvested in East Florida waters from 1997 - 2004.
Figure 4. Summary of the
gray snapper
recreational harvest and percentage of total by area
from 1997 -
2004.
|
|
To 3 Miles |
To 200 Miles |
Other Inland |
IRL |
TOTAL |
|
1997 |
91,489 |
23,426 |
101,332 |
33,925 |
250,171 |
|
1998 |
44,938 |
27,075 |
96,174 |
52,391 |
220,579 |
|
1999 |
62,701 |
55,024 |
161,961 |
114,432 |
394,117 |
|
2000 |
121,355 |
77,913 |
160,175 |
54,483 |
413,927 |
|
2001 |
63,507 |
58,217 |
67,039 |
74,625 |
263,388 |
|
2002 |
83,697 |
61,166 |
122,089 |
91,164 |
358,116 |
|
2003 |
91,015 |
74,594 |
93,315 |
123,939 |
382,863 |
|
2004 |
72,825 |
30,590 |
132,913 |
78,371 |
314,699 |
|
Total: |
631,527 |
408,005 |
934,998 |
623,330 |
2,597,860 |
Table 4. Summary data for recreational fishery in Eastern Florida waters
for
the gray snapper, Lutjanus griseus, from 1997 - 2004. Data
provided by
National Marine Fisheries Service, Fisheries Statistics Division, NOAA.
|
|
To 3 |
To 200 Miles |
Other E. FL Inland |
IRL |
|
Miles |
|
|
% Total |
% Total |
% Total |
% Total |
|
1997 |
36.6% |
9.4% |
40.5% |
13.6% |
|
1998 |
20.4% |
12.3% |
43.6% |
23.8% |
|
1999 |
15.9% |
14.0% |
41.1% |
29.0% |
|
2000 |
29.3% |
18.8% |
38.7% |
13.2% |
|
2001 |
24.1% |
22.1% |
25.5% |
28.3% |
|
2002 |
23.4% |
17.1% |
34.1% |
25.5% |
|
2003 |
23.8% |
19.5% |
24.4% |
32.4% |
|
2004 |
23.1% |
9.7% |
42.2% |
24.9% |
Table 5. By-county annual and cumulative percentages of the gray
snapper
harvest for the years 1997 - 2001.
Data provided by National Marine
Fisheries Service, Fisheries Statistics Division, NOAA.
|
|
To 3 Miles |
To 200 Miles |
Other Inland |
IRL |
|
No. Fish |
631,527 |
408,005 |
934,998 |
623,330 |
|
% |
24.31% |
15.71% |
35.99% |
23.99% |
Table 6. Summary of the gray snapper recreational harvest and
percentage
of total fish captured in each area from 1997 - 2004. Data
provided
by National Marine Fisheries Service, Fisheries Statistics
Division,
NOAA.
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between mangrove and seagrass habitats mediated by estuarine
nekton
assemblages: coupling of primary and secondary production. Hydrobiologia
264:1-12.
Report by: K. Hill,
Smithsonian Marine Station
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