|
dorsal fin is greenish in color and concave, originating
slightly in front of the anal fin, which is similarly shaped and equivalent in
size. A series of 7 - 10 (usually 8) finlets lie posterior to both the second
dorsal fin and the anal fin (Collette and Nauen 1983). The lateral line curves
slightly downward towards the caudal peduncle. The caudal fin is high and
lunate, with a narrow caudal peduncle that has a keel. The pectoral fins are
relatively long and lack scales. Body color is typically dark blue to
blue-green dorsally, silver laterally. The sides are marked with small, yellow
to orange oblong spots above the lateral line. The pectoral fins are pale
yellow with orange-brown edges, while the anal and ventral fins are white
(Berrien and Finan 1977ab).
Synonymy:
Scomber maculates Mitchill, 1815; Cybium maculatum
Cuvier, 1829
Potentially Misidentified Species:
The Spanish mackerel is potentially confused with both the cero, Scomberomorus
regalis, and the king mackerel, S. cavalla. It is easily distinguished from
the king mackerel by its oblong yellowish spots above the lateral line, which
does not curve downward at the second dorsal fin as is observed in king
mackerel. The cero is distinguished from the Spanish mackerel by 1 - 2
thin, bronze-colored stripes that run mid-laterally along the body, and by
scales on the pectoral fins, a feature absent from both Spanish and king
mackerels (Collette and Nauen 1983).
Meristic counts
of some key identifying traits:
| |
King
Mackerel: |
Spanish Mackerel: |
Cero: |
| #
Vertebrae |
41-43 |
52-53 |
47-49 |
| Dorsal
Spines: |
12-18 |
17-19 |
16-18 |
| Dorsal
Rays: |
15-18 |
17-20 |
16-19 |
| Anal
Rays: |
16-20 |
17-20 |
15-20 |
|
Pectoral Fin Rays: |
21-23 |
20-23 |
20-24 |
| Gill
Rakers (lower limb): |
6-10 |
8-13 |
10-14 |
II. HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION
Regional Occurrence:
In the western Atlantic, Scomberomorus
maculatus inhabits coastal waters from the Gulf of Maine to the Yucatan
Peninsula (Collette et al. 1978; Godcharles and Murphy 1986). During the summer
months, they are commonly found as far north as Chesapeake Bay, while in fall
and winter, they are most common in the waters off central and southern
Florida. Spanish mackerel typically come closer to beaches and enter the lower
reaches of estuaries more often than do king mackerel (Godcharles and Murphy
1986).
Spanish mackerel from as many as 6
geographic areas may mix in the waters off south Florida in the winter months,
however, electrophoretic evidence suggests that the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico
populations spawn in the northern parts of their respective ranges, in isolation
from other populations (Wollam 1970). Further, the Gulf population is distinct
from Spanish mackerel captured along the eastern U.S. coast (Skow and Chittenden
1981).
IRL Distribution:
Though not considered common within the IRL, adult Spanish mackerel are
sometimes observed around inlet areas. Juveniles may utilize seagrasses as
nursery habitat.
III. LIFE HISTORY AND POPULATION BIOLOGY
Age, Size, Lifespan:
Spanish mackerels live approximately 5-8 years
(Kilma 1959; Powell 1975) and may weigh over 12 pounds. Males reach
approximately 50 cm fork length (FL), while females reach 70 cm FL (Johnson et
al. 1983; Godcharles and Murphy 1986). Powell (1975) reported that females grow
faster than males, and that fish of the same age tend to be smaller in the Gulf
of Mexico than in the South Atlantic. Schmidt et al. (1993) reported that
females live longer and grow larger that males.
Abundance:
Spanish
mackerels are not abundant inside the IRL except near inlet mouths; however,
they are known to aggregate in large numbers in offshore waters and support a
commercial fishery.
Locomotion:
Though scombrid fishes are known for high performance
locomotion, data are limited on the precise mechanisms that enhance their
swimming abilities. Thrust is generated with lift-based swimming whereby the
narrow caudal peduncle and high, lunate caudal fin produce more than 90% of the
thrust, with few significant lateral movements in other areas of the body. It
has been hypothesized that the finlets on the posterior dorsal and ventral
surfaces of scombrids aid locomotion, and may, in fact, be accessory locomotor
structures that act to deflect water longitudinally to the area of the keels,
where flow is then accelerated (Walters 1962). A study by Nauen and Lauder
(2001) supported this hypothesis and showed that finlets do redirect
cross-peduncle flow in the horizontal plane.
Reproduction:
Spanish mackerel have an extended spawning season (Powell 1975, Schmidt et al.
1993), with ripe
females collected from April through September in Florida. Larvae are collected
from May through September at locations between Cape Canaveral, Florida north to
Cape Fear, North Carolina. Spawning season begins in April in the Carolinas,
June in Chesapeake Bay, and August - September in New Jersey and New York (Earll,
1883). Water temperatures in excess of 25ºC, and salinity between 30 – 36 parts
per thousand (ppt) are spawning triggers (Hoese 1907; Beaumariage 1970).
Larval collection data indicate that spawning occurs at depths of 12-35 meters
over the inner continental shelf (McEachran et al 1980).
Female Spanish mackerel mature in Florida
waters by approximately Age 1, when they reach 25 – 35 cm FL.
Males mature at a slightly smaller size (Schmidt et al. 1993). Fecundity increases with increasing length and weight (Finucane and Collins
unpublished in: Godcharles and Murphy 1986), with females between 35 – 66
cm FL producing between 194,000 to 1.5 million eggs.
Embryology:
Pelagic eggs measuring 0.9 – 1.3 mm in diameter are round and transparent,
containing a single oil droplet. Hatching occurs approximately 25 hours
after fertilization at water temperatures averaging 26ºC (Smith 1907).
Larvae and early juveniles grow 1.9
mm per day for approximately the first 23 days of life. From 23 - 40 days,
growth is accelerated, with young fishes growing as much as 5 mm per day.
Thereafter, growth slows to approximately 2.1 mm per day (Schmidt et al. 1993,
Peters and Schmidt 1997).
IV. PHYSICAL TOLERANCES
Temperature:
Earll (1883) reported that Spanish mackerel are
rarely reported from waters cooler than 18ºC. They are typically collected from
waters ranging from 21 - 31 ºC (70 - 88 ºF). Water temperatures in excess of
25ºC triggers spawning in Spanish mackerel (Hoese 1907; Beaumariage 1970).
Temperature and salinity are
governing factors in the geographic distribution of mackerels, with the northern
range of Spanish mackerel extending to the 20ºC isotherm within the 18m depth
contour (Munro 1943; Berrien and Finian 1977a).
Salinity:
All life history stages of Spanish mackerel
typically inhabit waters where salinity fluctuates between 32 – 36 ppt. (Godcharles
and Murphy 1986). Spanish mackerel tend to avoid both freshwater and low
salinity waters near river mouths (Earl 1883), though it has been documented
that some juveniles inhabit waters where salinity has dropped below 18 ppt
(Springer and Woodburn 1960).
Juveniles are collected from low
salinity (12.8 – 19.7 ppt) estuaries as well as from high salinity beaches,
suggesting that at least some Spanish mackerel utilize estuaries as nursery
grounds (Springer and Woodburn 1960).
V. COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
Trophic Mode:
Spanish mackerel are schooling pelagic
carnivores that feed primarily on estuarine-dependent species such as menhaden
(Brevoortia sp.) and anchovies (Anchoa), with squid being the most
prevalent invertebrate prey (Godcharles and Murphy 1986). Juveniles are
primarily piscivorous, with anchovies, menhaden, Spanish sardines, and Atlantic thread herring
constituting the bulk of the diet. Less common prey types are mullets (Mugil
spp.) and sciaenids.
Habitats:
Typical habitat for Spanish mackerel includes surface waters of nearshore
coastal waters and the lower reaches of tidal estuaries and bays where salinity
tends to remain above 10 ppt. Typical depth distribution ranges from 10 -
35 meters (33 - 115 feet).
Associated Species:
Juvenile king mackerel sometimes mix with
schools of Spanish mackerel (Godcharles and Murphy 1986).
Larvae and juveniles of king mackerel are consumed as
prey by species such as the little tunny (Euthynnus alletteratus) and
dolphin (Coryphaena hippurus). Larger king mackerel are sought after by
the little tunny, bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops trucatus) (Cato and Prochaska
1976), and various shark species, including the tiger shark (Galeoverdo
cuverie), bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas), and dusky shark (C.
obscurus) (Bigelow and Schroeder 1948).
VI. SPECIAL STATUS
Special Status:
None.
Fisheries Importance:
COMMERCIAL FISHERY:
Florida accounts for 78% of the
national commercial harvest of Spanish mackerel annually. The bulk of the
commercial catch in east central Florida is taken between Cape Canaveral and
Palm Beach, Florida (Klima 1959; Powell 1975). On the West coast of Florida, most of the catch is
taken south of Tampa Bay and Ft. Myers. The statewide commercial catch of
Spanish mackerel,
Scomberomorus maculatus, between the years 1987 - 2001 was 65.0 million pounds, with a
dollar value of over $28.0 million. Within the 5 county area encompassing
the IRL (Volusia, Brevard, Indian River, St. Lucie and Martin Counties) the
commercial catch of Scomberomorus maculatus accounts for approximately 57% of the statewide total, with a harvest of
37.1
million pounds, and a value in excess of $16.5 million. This
ranks the Spanish mackerel eighth in commercial value within the IRL, and fourth in
pounds harvested.
Figure 1 below shows the dollar value of the Spanish
mackerel fishery to IRL counties by year. As shown, commercial catch
ranged from a low of $642,494 in 1992 to highs of over $1.3 million in
1988, 1993 and 1995.
St. Lucie and Martin Counties in the southern portion
of the IRL account for the bulk of the commercial harvest, with 45% and 27% of
the catch respectively (Figure 2). After 1992, a significant portion of
the harvest (21%) was taken off Brevard County. From 1987 - 2001, the
annual dollar value to St. Lucie County ranged from $244,792 to $750554,
averaging $488,167. In Martin County, the annual dollar amount ranged from
$106,247 to $549,314, averaging $300,321; and in Brevard County, the annual
dollar amount ranged from $18,823 to $568,467, averaging $232,685.
Figure 1. Annual dollar value of the
commercial catch of Spanish mackerel to the 5-county
area of the Indian River
Lagoon.
Figure 2. Total Spanish mackerel
dollar value and percentage by county for the years
1987 - 2001.
|
|
VOLUSIA |
BREVARD |
INDIAN |
ST. |
MARTIN |
TOTAL |
|
RIVER |
LUCIE |
| |
Value |
Value |
Value |
Value |
Value |
Value |
|
YEAR |
($) |
($) |
($) |
($) |
($) |
to IRL |
| 1987 |
$1,176 |
$18,823 |
$8,891 |
$648,373 |
$516,041 |
$1,193,304 |
| 1988 |
$3,675 |
$50,306 |
$16,171 |
$750,554 |
$549,314 |
$1,370,020 |
| 1989 |
$3,443 |
$38,172 |
$45,624 |
$831,609 |
$251,029 |
$1,169,877 |
| 1990 |
$7,299 |
$88,667 |
$110,907 |
$377,894 |
$203,108 |
$787,875 |
| 1991 |
$3,272 |
$346,141 |
$129,558 |
$666,858 |
$106,247 |
$1,252,076 |
| 1992 |
$4,211 |
$117,273 |
$69,490 |
$256,475 |
$195,045 |
$642,494 |
| 1993 |
$13,593 |
$198,376 |
$63,476 |
$525,208 |
$526,319 |
$1,326,972 |
| 1994 |
$10,093 |
$172,552 |
$58,940 |
$402,688 |
$553,714 |
$1,197,987 |
| 1995 |
$31,300 |
$251,418 |
$82,746 |
$464,227 |
$531,578 |
$1,361,269 |
| 1996 |
$203 |
$273,010 |
$117,162 |
$452,111 |
$252,445 |
$1,094,931 |
| 1997 |
$157 |
$509,090 |
$86,836 |
$371,833 |
$118,755 |
$1,086,671 |
| 1998 |
$228 |
$568,467 |
$41,672 |
$457,931 |
$147,133 |
$1,215,431 |
| 1999 |
$439 |
$362,295 |
$62,654 |
$374,257 |
$117,856 |
$917,501 |
| 2000 |
$172 |
$301,055 |
$96,150 |
$244,792 |
$170,505 |
$812,674 |
| 2001 |
$1,140 |
$194,628 |
$97,433 |
$497,699 |
$265,728 |
$1,056,628 |
|
Cumulative Totals: |
$80,401 |
$3,490,273 |
$1,087,710 |
$7,322,509 |
$4,504,817 |
$16,485,710 |
Table 1. Total dollar value of
IRL Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus maculatus between
1987 - 2001.
|
|
VOLUSIA |
BREVARD |
INDIAN |
ST. |
MARTIN |
|
RIVER |
LUCIE |
| |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
|
YEAR |
Total |
Total |
Total |
Total |
Total |
|
1987 |
0.10% |
1.58% |
0.75% |
54.33% |
43.24% |
|
1988 |
0.27% |
3.67% |
1.18% |
54.78% |
40.10% |
|
1989 |
0.29% |
3.26% |
3.90% |
71.09% |
21.46% |
|
1990 |
0.93% |
11.25% |
14.08% |
47.96% |
25.78% |
|
1991 |
0.26% |
27.65% |
10.35% |
53.26% |
8.49% |
|
1992 |
0.66% |
18.25% |
10.82% |
39.92% |
30.36% |
|
1993 |
1.02% |
14.95% |
4.78% |
39.58% |
39.66% |
|
1994 |
0.84% |
14.40% |
4.92% |
33.61% |
46.22% |
|
1995 |
2.30% |
18.47% |
6.08% |
34.10% |
39.05% |
|
1996 |
0.02% |
24.93% |
10.70% |
41.29% |
23.06% |
|
1997 |
0.01% |
46.85% |
7.99% |
34.22% |
10.93% |
|
1998 |
0.02% |
46.77% |
3.43% |
37.68% |
12.11% |
|
1999 |
0.05% |
39.49% |
6.83% |
40.79% |
12.85% |
|
2000 |
0.02% |
37.04% |
11.83% |
30.12% |
20.98% |
|
2001 |
0.11% |
18.42% |
9.22% |
47.10% |
25.15% |
Table 2. By-county annual and cumulative percentages of the Spanish
mackerel
harvest for the years 1987-2001.
|
|
Volusia |
Brevard |
Indian River |
St. Lucie |
Martin |
|
Dollars |
$80,401 |
$3,490,273 |
$1,087,710 |
$7,322,509 |
$4,504,817 |
|
% |
0.5% |
21.2% |
6.6% |
44.4% |
27.3% |
Table 3. By-county cumulative dollar value and percentage of total for
the Spanish
mackerel harvest from 1987 - 2001.
RECREATIONAL FISHERY:
Spanish mackerel are also prized as an
excellent recreation species. (NMFS 2005; Godcharles and Murphy 1986). Recreational
anglers harvest Spanish mackerel seasonally throughout Florida's coastal zone, with the
bulk of the catch taken in east central Florida, and along the Gulf coast (FWRI
unpubl.). Total landings in Florida for Spanish mackerel in 2001
were 7.3 million pounds, with the recreational catch accounting for 59% of this
total (FWRI unpbl.).
The information below reflects angler survey
information taken from the 5-county area that encompasses the Indian River
Lagoon. Over 2 million Spanish mackerel, the bulk of the recreational harvest (73.5%),
was taken
in coastal waters from the shoreline to 3 miles offshore. Catches in
waters 3 to 200 miles offshore account for 9.3% of the total recreational
catch, while inland waters other than the Indian River Lagoon account for 8.0% of the catch.
The Indian River Lagoon accounted for 9.2% of the total recreational harvest
between 1997 and 2004, with approximately 256,000 Spanish mackerel captured.
Figure 3. Survey data for
the Spanish mackerel recreational fishery showing the number
of fishes
harvested in East Florida waters from 1997 - 2004.
Figure 4. Summary of the
Spanish mackerel recreational harvest and percentage of total
by area from 1997 -
2004.
|
|
To 3 |
To 200 |
Other |
IRL |
TOTAL |
|
Miles |
Miles |
Inland |
|
1997 |
126,875 |
24,538 |
79,264 |
8,554 |
239,230 |
|
1998 |
129,413 |
29,799 |
20,551 |
29,110 |
208,873 |
|
1999 |
217,942 |
26,057 |
7,828 |
18,723 |
270,550 |
|
2000 |
359,654 |
30,898 |
32,288 |
22,608 |
445,447 |
|
2001 |
233,973 |
17,158 |
16,302 |
68,969 |
336,402 |
|
2002 |
399,279 |
52,503 |
10,674 |
64,237 |
526,693 |
|
2003 |
403,441 |
41,903 |
42,657 |
31,269 |
519,271 |
|
2004 |
179,879 |
37,328 |
13,996 |
12,181 |
243,384 |
|
Total: |
2,050,456 |
260,184 |
223,560 |
255,651 |
2,789,850 |
Table 4. Summary data for the Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus
maculatus,
recreational fishery in Eastern Florida waters from 1997 - 2004. Data
provided by
National Marine Fisheries Service, Fisheries Statistics
Division, NOAA.
|
|
To 3 |
To 200 |
Other |
IRL |
|
Miles |
Miles |
Inland |
|
|
% Total |
% Total |
% Total |
% Total |
|
1997 |
53.0% |
10.3% |
33.1% |
3.6% |
|
1998 |
62.0% |
14.3% |
9.8% |
13.9% |
|
1999 |
80.6% |
9.6% |
2.9% |
6.9% |
|
2000 |
80.7% |
6.9% |
7.2% |
5.1% |
|
2001 |
69.6% |
5.1% |
4.8% |
20.5% |
|
2002 |
75.8% |
10.0% |
2.0% |
12.2% |
|
2003 |
77.7% |
8.1% |
8.2% |
6.0% |
|
2004 |
73.9% |
15.3% |
5.8% |
5.0% |
Table 5. By-county annual and cumulative percentages of the Spanish
mackerel harvest for the years 1997 - 2001.
Data provided by National
Marine Fisheries Service, Fisheries Statistics Division, NOAA.
|
|
To 3 Miles |
To 200 Miles |
Other Inland |
IRL |
|
No. Fish |
2,050,456 |
260,184 |
223,560 |
255,651 |
|
% |
73.50% |
9.33% |
8.01% |
9.16% |
Table
6. Summary of the Spanish mackerel recreational harvest and
percentage of total fish captured in each area from 1997 - 2004. Data
provided by National Marine Fisheries Service, Fisheries Statistics
Division, NOAA.
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king mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla (Cuvier),
and Spanish mackerel, S.
maculatus (Mitchill); (Pisces:Scombridae); in the
Western North Atlantic.Fla.
Dept. Nat. Res. Lab. Tech. Serv. 61. 35 pp.
Report by: K. Hill,
Smithsonian Marine Station
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